Scientific papers regarding black soldier fly larvae antimicrobial properties: Insectum analysis with Lithuanian science institutions regarding black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) lipid antimicrobial properties:
- Aelita Zabulionė, Alvija Šalaševičienė, Natalja Makštutienė ir Antanas Šarkinas article Exploring the Antimicrobial Potential and Stability of Black Soldier Fly (Hermentia illucens) Larvae Fat for Enhanced
The larvae of the Black Soldier Fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) have been introduced as one of the tools to create a circular economy model, which will be used in areas such as waste management
and the treatment of industrial by-products to produce high-added-value food grade ingredients. The main aim of this research was to investigate the fat composition and antimicrobial activity against food pathogens and spoilers of Black Soldier Fly larvae. The research revealed that the Black Soldier Fly larvae fats are predominantly lauric fatty (40.93%), which are followed by palmitic, oleic, myristic, linolenic and palmitoleic fatty acids, accounting for 19.11, 17.34, 6.49, 8.79 and 3.89% of the fatty acid content, respectively. The investigation of the fats showed stability through a one-year monitoring period with no indication of chemical or microbiological spoilage. Different fat fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity, which showed efficiency against Candida albicans (the inhibition zone varied from 10.5 to 12.5 mm), Bacillus subtilis (from 12.5 to 16.5 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12.5 mm) and Escherichia coli (10.0 mm). The inhibitory effect on Candida albicans was confirmed by shelf-life studies using larvae fat-based oleogel in a model food matrix. GraphPad Prism (ver. 8.0.1) was used for the statistical data processing. This research revealed the potential of Black Soldier Fly larvae fat as a very stable ingredient with promising antibacterial properties that can extend the product shelf-life in food matrixes even when used in relatively small amounts.
- Florian Gabler project thesis Using Black Soldier Fly for waste recycling and effective Salmonella spp. reduction
The conducted feeding trials have shown the enormous potential of using Hermetia illucens in organic waste management. The material reduction of human faeces was 51.3 %, while the corresponding WBC was 9 %. The inactivation of Salmonella Senftenberg and the two types of Salmonella Typhimurium (the widespread DT 178 and the antibiotic multiresistant DT 104) was found to be accelerated in the BSF larvae treatment, while the reduction in the concentration of S. Dublin was as rapid as in the control.
- Osama Elhag, Dingzhong Zhou, Qi Song, Abdul Aziz Soomro, Minmin Cai, Longyu Zheng, Ziniu Yu, Jibin Zhang research article Screening, Expression, Purification and Functional Characterization of Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Genes from Hermetia illucens (L.)
Antimicrobial peptides from a wide spectrum of insects possess potent microbicidal properties against microbial-related diseases. In this study, seven new gene fragments of three types of antimicrobial peptides were obtained from Hermetia illucens (L), and were named cecropinZ1, sarcotoxin1, sarcotoxin (2a), sarcotoxin (2b), sarcotoxin3, stomoxynZH1, and stomoxynZH1(a). Among these genes, a 189-basepair gene (stomoxynZH1) was cloned into the pET32a expression vector and expressed in the Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with thioredoxin. Results show that Trx-stomoxynZH1 exhibits diverse inhibitory activity on various pathogens, including Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Gramnegative bacterium Escherichia coli, fungus Rhizoctonia solani KhuÈn (rice)-10, and fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary-14. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Trx-stomoxynZH1 is higher against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria but similar between the fungal strains. These results indicate that H. illucens (L.) could provide a rich source for the discovery of novel antimicrobial peptides. Importantly, stomoxynZH1 displays a potential benefit in controlling antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
- HeikoVogel, ArianeMüller, DavidHeckel, HerwigGutzeit, AndreasVilcinskas article Nutritional immunology: Diversification and diet-dependentexpression of antimicrobial peptides in the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)
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Ki‐Back Chu, Gye‐Chang Jeon and Fu‐Shi Quan research paper Hexanedioic acid from Hermetia illucens larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) protects mice against Klebsiella pneumoniaeinfection
The antibacterial effects of larval extract from Hermetia illucens, commonly known as the black soldier fly, have been demonstrated in vitro. In this study, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis identified the active compound within this larval extract as hexanedioic acid. The antibacterial effects of hexanedioic acid were investigated in mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae. After administration of hexanedioic acid, infected mice showed decreased lung bacterial loads and lower rates of body weight loss compared to those in the infection‐only control group. Based on lung bacterial loads, oral hexanedioic acid treatment showed better protection than intraperitoneal treatment. Histopathology confirmed that daily administration of hexanedioic acid for 10 days showed zero toxicity to the kidneys or livers of mice. Therefore, hexanedioic acid may be a novel antibacterial agent.
- Zhanzhan Li, Ruoyu Mao, Da Teng, Ya Hao, Huixian Chen, Xiumin Wang, Xiao Wang, Na Yang and Jianhua Wang scientific report Antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of insect defensins-DLP2 and DLP4 against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are the most frequent cause of sepsis, which urgently demanding new drugs for treating infection. Two homologous insect CSαβ peptides-DLP2 and DLP4 from Hermetia illucens were firstly expressed in Pichia pastoris, with the yields of 873.5 and 801.3 mg/l, respectively. DLP2 and DLP4 displayed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria especially MRSA and had greater potency, faster killing, and a longer postantibiotic effect than vancomycin. A 30-d serial passage of MRSA in the presence of DLP2/DLP4 failed to produce resistant mutants. Macromolecular synthesis showed that DLP2/DLP4 inhibited multi-macromolecular synthesis especially for RNA. Flow cytometry and electron microscopy results showed that the cell cycle was arrested at R-phase; the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall were broken by DLP2/DLP4; mesosomelike structures were observed in MRSA. At the doses of 3‒7.5 mg/kg DLP2 or DLP4, the survival of mice challenged with MRSA were 80‒100%. DLP2 and DLP4 reduced the bacterial translocation burden over 95% in spleen and kidneys; reduced serum pro-inflammatory cytokines levels; promoted anti-inflammatory cytokines levels; and ameliorated lung and spleen injury. These data suggest that DLP2 and DLP4 may be excellent candidates for novel antimicrobial peptides against staphylococcal infections.
- Kwan Ho Park, Kyu Won Kwak, Sung Hee Nam, Ji Young Choi, Seok Hyun Lee, Hong Geun Kim, Seong Hyun Kim paper Antibacterial activity of larval extract from the black solder fly hermetia illucens against plant pathogens
The antibacterial activity of the extracts of whole black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) was evaluated and was tested against six strains of plant pathogens. The extracts were prepared by homogenization after mixing grinded larvae with 0.01% acetic acid at 4 °C for 12 hr. Two methods, agar well diffusion and growth curve assay, were used to study the antibacterial activity against these pathogens. In our study, the antibacterial properties of the extracts were demonstrated by growth inhibition of all six tested bacterial pathogens. Inhibition zone assay and fluorescence assay confirmed that larval extracts have significant antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. The data provide further evidence that larval extracts play a role in the defense against microorganisms.
- N.А. Ushakova, A.E. Dontsov, N.L. Sаkina, E.S. Brodsky, I.A. Ratnikova, N.N. Gavrilova, A.I. Bаstrakov, A.A. Kozlova, R.V. Nekrasov article Melanin properties at the different stages towards life cycle
Eumelanin type pigments are synthesized at all the stages of the life cycle of the fly Hermetia illucens: in the larvae, pre-pupae, pupae and adult flies (dead flies). The greatest content of melanin was recorded in the cuticles. Melanin was present not only in the cuticle, hence it remained in the cuticle after the emergence of the adult fly. It was also found in the insect body in a complex with lipids. In pupae, it is mostly lauric acid that was associated with melanin. Its proportion in the melanin-chitosan complex was 80%. The isolated melanin-chitosan complex of adult flies showed a wide range of antibacterial activity, inhibiting the growth of 21 out of the 25 of the test cultures. The melanin-chitosan complex of empty pupal membranes and alcohol suspension of pupal melanin inhibited twice as smaller number of test cultures and the above activity was absolutely in the pupal chitosan. The largest zone of growth inhibition was recorded with respect to Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus. An alcohol suspension of pupal melanin inhibited the growth of 10 test cultures. In this case the greatest activity was shown in relation to Mycobacterium B5 and Acinetobacter sp. 1182.
- A. Józefiak, B. Kierończyk, M. Rawski, J. Mazurkiewicz, A. Benzertiha, P. Gobbi, S. Nogales-Mérida, S. Świątkiewicz and D. Józefiak study Full-fat insect meals as feed additive – the effect on broiler chicken growth performance and gasrointestinal tract microbiota
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of full-fat insect meals fed ‘on top’ to broiler chickens on their performance and the microbiota composition in the gastrointestinal tract. A total of 1850 day-old Ross 308 females were used in a set of four independent experiments. The insects Gryllodes sigillatus, Shelfordella lateralis, Gryllus assimilis, Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens were applied in amounts that varied from 0.05 to 0.2%. In general, the application of insect meals to the diets of broilers did not affect their growth performance over the experimental period. However, the 0.2% additions of T. molitor and H. illucens increased feed intake at days 15–35 (P = 0.011) and the entire period of feeding (days 1–35; P = 0.018) (Experiment 3). Moreover, in Experiment 4 the supplementation of 0.2% of S. lateralis improved body weight gain (days 11–21 and 1–21), feed intake (days 1–10 and 1–21) and feed conversion ratio (days 1–21). The addition of insect meals reduced the pH value of digesta in the crop (Experiments 1 and 2) and in the caeca (Experiment 2). Supplementation with H. illucens caused the most significant effect on the microbiota populations in the crop, ileum and caeca (Experiment 3). However, at the higher levels of S. lateralis addition to the diets of broilers, the counts of selected microbiota in the crop and ileum increased (Experiment 4). These results indicate that the application of the insect full-fat meals in relatively small amounts can affect the microbiota composition in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens.
- Mislav Majnarić master thesis In vitro modelling of the infuence of extracts from Hermetia illucens larvae on wound healing
Larvae of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, are scavengers who live in extremely unpleasant and harsh environments, such as manure and compost, populated by bacteria and fungi. Carcasses of dead animals and rotting plants could be degraded by larvae of black soldier fly. These biological characteristics suggest that the larvae of black soldier fly are rich in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and other substances which possess the activity to fight against resistant bacterial strains. Wound healing is a complex process consisting of four overlapping but strictly defined phases: hemostasis, inflammatory phase, proliferative phase and the remodelling phase (maturation and epithelialization). All phases of wound healing are dependent on the secretion of a variety of cellular compounds such as growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, proteinases, and extracellular matrix proteins. In vitro process of wound healing could be monitored using these different cellular compounds as molecular markers. Focus of this research is enrichment of extracts from H. illucens larvae in order to obtain purified AMPs and other antibiotic compounds and in vitro monitoring of the impact of extracts from H. illucens larvae on bacterial growth and cytotoxicity of human cells. Extracts showed high capacity of inhibition of bacterial growth, especially species Pseudomonas fluorescens. Moreover, majority of extracts which inhibited bacterial growth did not show citotoxic effect on human cells.
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Active antimicrobial peptide HI-3 was isolated and purified from the 5th instar larvae of Hermetia illucens L., and its effects on proliferation, apoptosis and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (CNE2) cells were investigated. The expressions of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in CNE2 cells were also studied in vitro to elucidate the mechanism involved in the action of HI-3 on CNE2 cells. Results showed that three fractions (HI-1, HI-2, HI-3) were isolated from the hemolymph of H. illucens larvae. After purified by RP-HPLC, only HI-3 showed the inhibitory activities to four strains of bacteria. It was also showed that HI-3 could effectively inhibit the proliferation of CNE2 cells in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Apoptosis of CNE2 cells was observed in the treatment with 160 μg/ml HI-3, and the early apoptosis rate up to 27.59%. However, no significantly inhibitory effects and apoptosis were found on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUV-C). Moreover, HI-3 could significantly reduce the migration ability of CNE2 cells when compared with that of the control. On the other hand, the levels of mRNA and protein of hTERT in the HI-3 treatment were all significantly lower than that of the control. Results indicated that HI-3 could inhibit the proliferation of CNE2 cells and induce the apoptosis of CNE2 cells by down-regulating the telomerase activity in CNE2 cells, while no obvious effect was occurred on HUV-C. It inferred that HI-3 is a potential anti-tumor drug with low toxicity to normal cells.
- Giuseppe Moniello, Andrea Ariano, Valentina Panettieri, Francesca Tulli, Ike Olivotto, Maria Messina, Basilio Randazzo, Lorella Severino, Giovanni Piccolo, Nadia Musco, Nicola Francesco Addeo, Georges Hassoun and Fulvia Bovera study Intestinal Morphometry, Enzymatic and Microbial Activity in Laying Hens Fed Different Levels of a Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal and Toxic Elements Content of the Insect Meal and Diets
- Kiyonori Kawasaki, Yuka Hashimoto, Akihiro Hori, Toshiya Kawasaki, Hirofumi Hirayasu, Shun-ichiro Iwase, Atsushi Hashizume, Atsushi Ido, Chiemi Miura, Takeshi Miura, Satoshi Nakamura, Tomohiro Seyama, Yoshiki Matsumoto, Koji Kasai and Yasuhiro Fujitani article Evaluation of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae and Pre-Pupae Raised on Household Organic Waste, as Potential Ingredients for Poultry Feed
- Simona Rimoldi, Elisabetta Gini, Federica Iannini, Laura Gasco and Genciana Terova article The Effects of Dietary Insect Meal from Hermetia illucens Prepupae on Autochthonous Gut Microbiota of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- X.J. Lei, T.H. Kim, J.H. Park, I.H. Evaluation of supplementation of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in beagle dogs
- Miao Yu, Zhenming Li, Weidong Chen, Ting Rong, Gang Wang and Xianyong Ma research paper Hermetia illucens larvae as a potential dietary protein source altered the microbiota and modulated mucosal immune status in the colon of finishing pigs
- Yesenia Correa, Billy Cabanillas, Valérie Jullian, Daniela Álvarez, Denis Castillo, Cédric Dufloer, Beatriz Bustamante, Elisa Roncal, Edgar Neyra, Patricia Sheen and Michel Sauvain study Bioactive compounds from Chrysosporium multifidum, a 2 fungus isolated from Hermetia illucens gut microbiota
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Harlystiarini, Rita Mutia, I Wayan Teguh Wibawan and Dewi Apri Astuti study In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Larva Extracts Against Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Muhammad Fariz Zahir Ali, Takashi Ohta, Atsushi Ido, Chiemi Miura and Takeshi Miura study The Dipterose of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Induces Innate Immune Response through Toll‐Like Receptor Pathway in Mouse Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells
- Md ReazChaklader, Muhammad A. B. Siddik, Ravi Fotedar ir Janet Howieson study Insect larvae, Hermetia illucens in poultry by-product meal for barramundi, Lates calcarifer modulates histomorphology, immunity and resistance to Vibrio harveyi
- Dong-Hun Leea, Ki-Back Chua, Hae-Ji Kanga, Su-Hwa Leea and Fu-Shi Quan study Peptides in the hemolymph of Hermetia illucens larvae completely inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia in vitro and in vivo:
- Andrea Osimani, Vesna Milanović, Andrea Roncolini, Paola Riolo, Sara Ruschioni, Nunzio Isidoro, Nino Loreto, Elena Franciosi, Kieran Tuohy, Ike Olivotto, Matteo Zarantoniello, Federica Cardinali, Cristiana Garofalo, Lucia Aquilanti, Francesca Clementi research article Hermetia illucens in diets for zebrafish (Danio rerio)_ A study of bacterial diversity by using PCR-DGGE and metagenomic sequencing:
- Jędrzej Sypniewski, Bartosz Kierończyk, Abdelbasset Benzertiha, Zuzanna Mikołajczak, Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, Paweł Kołodziejski, Maciej Sassek, Mateusz Rawski, Wojciech Czekała & Damian Józefiak study Replacement of soybean oil by Hermetia illucens fat in turkey nutrition: effect on performance, digestibility, microbial community, immune and physiological status and final product quality:
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Xinxin Xu, Hong Ji, Haibo Yu and Jishu Zhou study Influence of dietary black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) pulp on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and intestinal health of juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis):
- Harlystiarinia, R. Mutiaa, I. W. T. Wibawanb & D. A. Astutia study Immune Responses and Egg Productions of Quails Fed Rations Supplemented with Larvae Meal of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)
- Miao Yu, Zhenming Li, Weidong Chen, Gang Wang, Ting Rong, Zhichang Liu, Fengyin Wang and Xianyong Ma study Hermetia illucens larvae as a Fishmeal replacement alters intestinal specific bacterial populations and immune homeostasis in weanling piglets
- Yo-Han Choi, Jo-Eun Kim, Hyun-Jung Jung, Eun Seok Cho, Dong-Woo Kim and Jin-Soo Kim study Effects of Hermetia Illucens Supplementation on Fecal Score, Blood Profiles, Immune Response and Small Intestinal Morphology in Weaned Pigs
- F. A. Auza, S. Purwanti, J. A. Syamsu and A. Natsir research paper Antibacterial activities of black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens. l) extract towards the growth of Salmonella typhimurium, E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Elena Marusich, Heakal Mohamed, Yuriy Afanasev and Sergey Leonov article Fatty Acids from Hermetia illucens Larvae Fat Inhibit the Proliferation and Growth of Actual Phytopathogens
The rapid increase of plant diseases caused by bacterial phytopathogens calls for an urgent search for new antibacterials. Antimicrobial compounds of natural origin stand up as frontiers in the attempts of the antibiotic overuse replacement. With this in mind, the Hermetia illucens (H. illucens) larvae have recently gained attention as a promising approach to fulfill this need. This study aimed to isolate the active constituents of H. illucens larvae fat and to estimate its antimicrobial capacity. We discovered the best composition of extracting solution retaining the pronounced antimicrobial activity of the extract. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we identified the unique natural array of fatty acids as the major constituents of the acidified water-methanol extract (AWME) as having new antimicrobial potency. In standard turbidimetric assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the AWME was 0.78 mg/mL after 24 h of incubation for all five tested phytopathogenic bacteria strains: Pantoea agglomerans, Xanthomonas campestris, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, and Dickeya solani. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 0.78 to 1.56 mg/mL against all tested strains after 24 h of incubation. The inhibition zone size of AWME (INZ) at 50 mg/mL concentration was in the range 12.2 ± 0.56 to 19.0 ± 0.28 mm, while zone size for the positive control (penicillin-streptomycin) (5000 IU/mL–5000 µg/mL) was in the scale of 20.63 ± 0.53 to 24.0 ± 0.35 mm as revealed by standard disk diffusion assay. For the first time, our findings indicated the substantial antibacterial potential of AWME of H. illucens larvae fat against these actual phytopathogens, thus paving the way for further research to determine the mechanism of action in crop protection.
- Michelina Crosbie thesis The Evaluation of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal as a Novel Protein Source in Swine Diets
This thesis investigates the use of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a novel protein source for inclusion in swine diets including the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and net energy (NE) contents of BSFLM when fed to growing pigs and the effect of BSFLM on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract development, and immune system robustness when partially replacing animal proteins in nursery pig diets. Both full fat (FF) and defatted (DF) BSFLM had high SID for most AA, although provided less digestible protein overall compared to soybean meal. The FF BSFLM was a better source of available energy. When FF BSFLM was supplemented into nursery diets at an inclusion level of up to 50% of the animal protein content, it supported growth performance and indices of immune system robustness and gut health not different from conventional nursery diets containing in-feed antibiotics as growth promoters.
- Antonio Moretta, Rosanna Salvia, Carmen Scieuzo, Angela Di Somma, Heiko Vogel, Pietro Pucci, Alessandro Sgambato, Michael Wolff & Patrizia Falabella article A bioinformatic study of antimicrobial peptides identifed in the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a key role in the innate immunity, the first line of defense against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. AMPs are small molecules, ranging from 10 to 100 amino acid residues produced by all living organisms. Because of their wide biodiversity, insects are among the richest and most innovative sources for AMPs. In particular, the insect Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) shows an extraordinary ability to live in hostile environments, as it feeds on decaying substrates, which are rich in microbial colonies, and is one of the most promising sources for AMPs. The larvae and the combined adult male and female H. illucens transcriptomes were examined, and all the sequences, putatively encoding AMPs, were analysed with different machine learning-algorithms, such as the Support Vector Machine, the Discriminant Analysis, the Artificial Neural Network, and the Random Forest available on the CAMP database, in order to predict their antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the iACP tool, the AVPpred, and the Antifp servers were used to predict the anticancer, the antiviral, and the antifungal activities, respectively. The related physicochemical properties were evaluated with the Antimicrobial Peptide Database Calculator and Predictor. These analyses allowed to identify 57 putatively active peptides suitable for subsequent experimental validation studies.
- Kyu-Shik Lee, Eun-Young Yun and Tae-Won Goo article Antimicrobial Activity of an Extract of Hermetia illucens Larvae Immunized with Lactobacillus casei against Salmonella Species
The expressions of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, were significantly increased by pathogen or stimulant induced innate immunity activation. We immunized H. illucens fifth instar larvae with five different Lactobacillus species, that is, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. brevis, L. casei, L. fermentum, or L. delbrueckii, to induce the mass production of AMPs and selected optimal immune inducers. Antimicrobial activities in hemolymph and H. illucens larvae (HIL) extract were evaluated against three salmonella species (Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella enteritidis). Highest antimicrobial activity was shown by the hemolymph of HIL immunized by L. casei and its activity was closely linked with the inductions of cecropin 1 (HiCec1) and defensin 1 (HiDef1) gene expressions. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity in hemolymph was stable to heat and pH and the growth of three Salmonella species were dramatically suppressed by HIL hemolymph and extract after immunization with L. casei. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) of L. casei-immunized HIL extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella species ranged from 100~200 µg/100 µL and no cytotoxicity to CaCo-2 and L929 cells were observed in the concentration range 100~40,000 µg/100 µL. Taken together, the present investigation demonstrates that L. casei-immunized HIL extract is a powerful natural antibiotic and preservative that can prevent contamination by Salmonella species.
- Jian Xu, Xingyu Luo, Gangqi Fang, Shuai Zhan, Jun Wu, Dun Wang and Yongping Huang study Transgenic expression of antimicrobial peptides from black soldier fly enhance resistance against entomopathogenic bacteria in the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are effective molecules produced by the innate immune system of most organisms to fend off invading microbes and regarded as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics due to their potent antimicrobial activities. The larvae of black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, inhabit microbe-rich environments and its insect genome encodes a broad repertoire of AMPs. In the present study, three AMPs encoded by BSF Hidefensin-1, Hidiptericin-1 and HiCG13551 were cloned, expressed and purified in a recombinant Escherichia coli expression system. In vitro, both Hidefensin-1 and Hidiptericin-1 inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, while HiCG13551 inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. Transmission electron microscopy showed that Hidiptericin-1 inhibited bacterial growth through bacterial membrane lysis. We also constructed a transgenic silkworm line constitutively expressing an AMP cassette HiAMP4516 encoding all the three AMPs, and the silkworms showed an increased resistance to both gram-positive and gram-negative entomopathogenic bacteria. These results provide insights into the antibacterial activities of BSF AMPs both in vitro and in vivo and suggest a great potential of exploiting insect-derived AMPs in silkworm disease resistance breeding.
- Jasmine Hadj Saadoun, Anna Valentina Luparelli, Augusta Caligiani, Laura Ioana Macavei, Lara Maistrello, Erasmo Neviani, Gianni Galaverna, Stefano Sforza and Camilla Lazzi article Antimicrobial Biomasses from Lactic Acid Fermentation of Black Soldier Fly Prepupae and Related By-Products
Worldwide, thousands of insect species are consumed as food or are used as feed ingredients. Hermetia illucens, ‘black soldier fly’, is one of them, and a large amount of puparia and dead adults flies are accumulated during rearing. These materials represent important wastes but no studies are still present in the literature regarding their functional properties and potential reuse. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria contributing to various industrial applications, ranging from food fermentation, chemicals production to pharmaceuticals manufacturing. A LAB feature of industrial interest is their ability to produce antimicrobial metabolites. Considering the scientific and commercial interest in discovering novel antimicrobials, this work will be direct towards fermentation of insect-derived biomasses: puparia and adults insect at the end of life cycle. To the best of our knowledge, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of fermented insects is tested for the first time. This study aimed also to evaluate differences in the composition between fermented and unfermented insects, and to study whether the fermentation and the type of LAB used played a crucial role in modifying the composition of the substrate. Results firstly highlighted fermentability of this species of insects, showed that fermented black soldier flies puparium possess a high antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens. Moreover, result of chemical composition showed that fermented biomass had a higher percentage of fat and a more complex fatty acids profile.
- Vikas Kumar, Femi J. Fawole, Nicholas Romano, Md. Sakhawat Hossain, Shyam N. Labh, Ken Overturf, Brian C. Small article Insect (Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens) meal supplementation prevents the soybean meal-induced intestinal enteritis in rainbow trout and health benefits of using insect oil
Black solider fly larvae (BSFL) and their oils (BSFLO) are receiving increasing attention as sustainable ingredients in fish feeds, but mostly as replacements to marine sources. There were two aims to this study; in exp. 1, soybean meal (SBM)-based diets were formulated to contain BSFL as supplements at 0 (SBM), 8 (SBM+BSFLlow) or 16% (SBM+BSFLhigh) with a control diet being fishmeal-based (FM). In exp. 2, diets included only fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SBO), BSFLO or BSFLO + bile acid (BA), and all lipid sources were added at 16%. Both experiments were run at the same time and fed to rainbow trout (32g) with each treatment being triplicated. After 10 weeks the fish were sampled for liver and distal intestine histology, expression of genes responsible for inflammation in the intestine and kidneys, and serum peroxidase and lysozyme activities. In exp. 1, supplementations of BSFL effectively prevented SBM-induced intestinal enteritis, down-regulated intestinal prostaglandin and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), while the SBM+BSFLhigh diet significantly increased serum lysozyme activity. In exp. 2, BSFLO caused no histomorphological change to the liver or intestine, but kidney interluekin-8, tumor necrosis factor and IRF-1 were significantly upregulated along with significantly higher serum peroxidase activity. The inclusion of BA in the BSFLO diets significantly upregulated intestinal prostaglandin gene expression. Overall, BSFL supplementations of 8 or 16% prevented SBM-induced intestinal enteritis based on histological observations, which was supported by a down-regulation in pro-inflammatory genes and enhanced innate immunity. Meanwhile, the use of BSFLO showed some immunological benefits. Therefore, these sustainable resources are recommended in the diets of rainbow trout, especially when using elevated levels of plant-based proteins.
- Xinxin Jin, Boyu Yuan, Mingming Liu, Mingqiang Zhu, Xue Zhang, Gaijie Xie, Wenxiang Wu, Haidong Xu Zhongkai, Yantao Lv, Yanhua Huang and Wei Wang reseach Effect of Hermetia Illucens Larvae on Growth Performance of Weaned Piglets and Diarrhea Caused by Escherichia Coli K88
Background: A high-quality protein substitute, Hermetia illucens (Black soldier y) larvae powder is rich in protein, fat, amino acid, calcium, and other substances. Due to the relatively few studies on the feeding of weaned piglets, in the present study, we replaced part or all of the sh meal with a relevant proportion of Hermetia illucens larvae powder in the feed to study its effect on weaned piglets. A total of forty-eight young female weaned piglets (Duroc ´ Landrace ´ Large White) with initial body weights (BW) 7.68 ± 0.26 kg, were randomly divided into three groups, each group had eight replicates, two pigs per replicate. Three groups containing different proportions of Hermetia illucens larvae powder (0, 4%, and 8%) were referred to as C, HI4, and HI8. We designed a 28-day feeding experiment, collecting blood and feces, thereafter inducing the piglets with oral gavage of ETEC K88 and recording diarrhea on day 29 of the experiment. Four piglets in each group were selected to collect serum, colon contents, intestinal tissue, and jejunum, ileum, colon mucosa samples.
Results: The growth performance of weaned piglets remained unaffected on supplementing feed with Hermetia illucens. Compared with C+K88 group, the diarrhea rate was found to be attenuated for the Hermetia illucens supplemented group. Severe damage was evident in the case of the ileum villi of the C+K88 group, whereas improved integrity was demonstrated by the ileum villi of the HI4+K88 and HI8+K88 groups. Signicantly increased expressions of the anti-inammatory factor IL-10 in the intestinal mucosa (P < 0.05) and the tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-3 (P < 0.05) and reduced expression of the pro-inammatory factor TNF-α (P < 0.05) were reected in the HI4+K88 and HI8+K88 groups as compared to the C+K88 group. The activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT and POD (P < 0.05) also revealed an effective increase in the Hermetia illucens supplemented groups than the control. The results of immunoblotting also validated that the same ETEC K88 treatment of weaned piglets enhanced the expression of tight junction protein in the intestinal mucosa of the Hermetia illucens addition group (P < 0.05) and the integrity of the intestinal barrier was also better maintained. The experimental results armed that Hermetia illucens larvae powder could partially or completely replace sh meal, increase the content of Lactobacillus, reduce the content of Streptococcus, improve the body’s disease resistance, and improve intestinal health.
Conclusions: ETEC-induced diarrhea will be reduced by the diet of weaned piglets containing Hermetia illucens larvae, ameliorating the immune performance of pigs. The present research provides a new perspective for insect meal as a sustainable protein source for pig feed.
- A.Šarkinas, L. Trakselė, A.Zabulionė, S.Tracevičius and A.Šalasevičienė research on Influence of fat additives of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) larvae on the dynamics of microorganisms in model food systems
The cultivation of black flies larvae (Hermetia illucens) has begun to be grown as one of the tools for the development and application of the circular economy in areas such as biological refining, waste management, treatment of industrial by-products and bioconversion of agricultural residues. Fats, proteins, flours of farmed larvae can be used as additives for animal feed and cosmetics. In the future, it is likely to be applied to the production of natural medicine, including food. The use of fat and protein fractions of the larvae of the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) in model food systems has been little studied, with potential problems for consumer acceptability. By optimizing sensory parameters, acceptability problems for new food modeling systems should be eliminated. The biologically active substances of larval fat have antimicrobial activity. Using the agar diffusion method, larval fat was found to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escerichia coli, Candida albicans. Modeling systems with larval fat were developed to optimize the composition and ratio of fatty acids. In model food systems with larval fat, the total number of microorganisms increases during storage at 5℃ but a decrease in the number of microscopic fungi was observed. Therefore, the presence of larval fat in food systems not only optimizes the composition of fatty acids, but also protects against spoilage caused by microscopic fungi.